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1
WORLD COINS
1901-2000
38th Edition
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Special Contributor
JOSEPH ZAFFERN
Special Tribute
For years of service to Numismatics
and the Standard Catalog of World Coins
®
DANA ROBERTS
J.J. VAN GROVER
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2011 Standard Catalog of
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2
©2010 Krause Publications, a division of F+W Media, Inc.
Published by
For a numismatic product catalog visit www.shopnumismaster.com
All rights reserved. No portion of this publication may be reproduced or
transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including
photocopy, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publisher, except by a reviewer who may quote
brief passages in a critical article or review to be printed in a magazine or
newspaper, or electronically transmitted on radio, television, or the Internet.
ISSN 1939-814X
ISBN-13: 978-1-4402-1158-4
ISBN-10: 1-4402-1158-2
Designed by: Sandi Carpenter
Edited by: Debbie Bradley
Printed in the United States of America
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
3
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
Many individuals have contributed countless changes, which have been incorporated into previous and now this thirty seventh edition.
While all may not be acknowledged, special appreciation is extended to the following who have exhibited a special enthusiasm for this edition.
Esko Ahlroth
Stephen Album
Antonio Alessandrini
Scott Annechino
Mitchell A. Battino
Albert Beck
Anton Belcev
Jan Bendix
Richard Benson
Wolfgang Bertsch
Peter N. Berger
Allen G. Berman
Sharon Blocker
Joseph Boling
Al Boulanger
Klaus Bronny
Colin R. Bruce II
Mahdi Bseiso
John T. Bucek
Chris Budesa
Doru Calin
Charles R. Carlson
Henry K. H. Chan
Peter A. Chase
Raul Chirila
Scott E. Cordry
Luis V. Costa
Jerry Crain
Vincent Craven-Bartle
Jed Crump
Raymond E. Czahor
Eric G. Dawson, M.D.
Konstantinos Dellios
Jean-Paul Divo
James R. Douglas
Dr. Jan M. Dyroff
Stephen Eccles
Wilhelm R. Eglseer
Esko Ekman
Andrzej Fischer
Thomas F. Fitzgerald
Joe Flores
Eugene Freeman
Arthur M. Friedberg
Tom Galway
Dennis Gill
Lawrence Goldberg
Marcel Häberling
Flemming Lyngbeck Hansen
David Harrison
Istvan Hegedus
Anton Holt
Serge Huard
Charles Huff
Nelva G. Icaza
Ton Jacobs
A. K. Jain
Hector Carlos Janson
Robert W. Julian
Alex Kaglyan
Melvyn Kassenoff
Craig Keplinger
George Katsikis
Ronachai Krisadaolarn
Samson Kin Chiu Lai
Aditya kulkarni
Joseph E. Lang
Alex Lazarovici
Rudi Lotter
Ma Tak Wo
Miguel Angel Pratt Mayans
Phil McLoughlin
Jeff Means
Jürgen Mikeska
Juozas Minikevicius
Robert Mish
Ing. Benjamin M. Mizrachi R.
Dr. Richard Montrey
Paul Montz
Edward Moschetti
Horst-Dieter Müller
Arkady Nakhimovsky
Michael G. Nielsen
Bill Noyes
Gus A. Pappas
Janusz Parchimowicz
Frank Passic
Marc Pelletier
Juan Pena
Andreas G. Pitsillides
Gastone Polacco
Luis R. Ponte Puigbo
Frank Putrow
Yahya Qureshi
Mircea Raicopol
Dr. Dennis G. Rainey
Tony Raymond
William M. Rosenblum
Egon Conti Rossini
Remy Said
Leon Saryan
Erwin Schäffer
Jacco Scheper
Gerhard Schön
Dr. Wolfgang Schuster
Alexander Shapiro
Ole Sjoelund
Gylfi Snorrason
Clark Smith
Steven Tan
Mehmet Tolga Taner
M. Louis Teller
Anthony Tumonis
Erik J. Van Loon
Carmen Viciedo
Wakim Wakim
Justin Wang
Paul Welz
Stewart Westdal
J. Brix Westergaard
J. Hugh Witherow
Ishagh Yousefzadeh
Joseph Zaffern
AUCTION HOUSES
Dixon-Noonan-Webb
Heritage World Coin Auctions
Hess-Divo Ltd.
Gerhard Hirsch
Thomas Høiland Møntauktion
Fritz Rudolf Künker
Leu Numismatik AG
Münzenhandlung Harald Möller, GmbH
MPO Auctions
Noble Numismatics, Pty. Ltd.
Ponterio & Associates
Stack’s
UBS, AG
World Wide Coins of California
Austrian Mint
Banco de Mexico
Banque Centrale
Du Luxembourg
Black Mountain Coins
Casa de la Moneda de Cuba
Central Bank of D.P.R. Korea -
Kumbyol Trading Corp.
Central Bank of the
Russian Fed.
CIT
Coin Mercantile Exchange
Czech National Bank
Educational Coin Company
Faude & Huguenin
Global Coins & Medals Ltd. -
Official Sales Company of
the Bulgarian Mint
Imprensa Nacional -
Casa da Moeda, S.A.
Israel Coins & Medals Corp.
Istituto Poligrafico e Zecca
dello Stato I.p.A.
Jablonex Group -
Division of Czech Mint
Japan Mint
Kazakhstan Mint
KOMSCO - South Korea
Latvijas Banka
Lietuvos Bankas
Lithuanian Mint
Magyar Penzvero Zrt.
MDM
Mennica Polska
Mincovna Kremnica
Mint of Finland, Ltd.
Mint of Norway
Monnaie de Paris
Moscow Mint
National Bank of the Republic
of Belarus
National Bank of Ukraine
New Zealand Mint
New Zealand Post
Numiscom
Numistrade Gmbh & Co. kg.
Omni Trading B.V.
Perth Mint
Pobjoy Mint
Real Casa de la Moneda - Spain
Royal Mint
Royal Australian Mint
Royal Belgian Mint
Royal Canadian Mint
Royal Dutch Mint
Royal Thai Mint
Servei D’Emissions Principat
D’Andorra
Singapore Mint
South African Mint
Staatliche Munze Berlin
Staatliche Munze Baden-
Wurttemberg
Talisman Coins
Thailand Treasury Department
Ufficio Filatelico e Numismatico
- Vatican
United States Mint
WORLD MINTS, CENTRAL BANKS AND DISTRIBUTORS
4 HOW TO USE THIS CATALOG
HOW TO USE THIS CATALOG
This catalog series is designed to serve the needs of both the novice
and advanced collectors. It provides a comprehensive guide to over 100
years of world coinage. It is generally arranged so that persons with no
more than a basic knowledge of world history and a casual acquaintance
with coin collecting can consult it with confidence and ease. The following
explanations summarize the general practices used in preparing this cat-
alog's listings. However, because of specialized requirements, which
may vary by country and era, these must not be considered ironclad.
Where these standards have been set aside, appropriate notations of the
variations are incorporated in that particular listing.
ARRANGEMENT
Countries are arranged alphabetically. Political changes within a
country are arranged chronologically. In countries where Rulers are the
single most significant political entity, a chronological arrangement by
Ruler has been employed. Distinctive sub-geographic regions are listed
alphabetically following the country’s main listings. A few exceptions to
these rules may exist. Refer to the Country Index.
Diverse coinage types relating to fabrication methods, revaluations,
denomination systems, non-circulating categories and such have been
identified, separated and arranged in logical fashion. Chronological
arrangement is employed for most circulating coinage, i.e., Hammered
coinage will normally precede Milled coinage, monetary reforms will flow
in order of their institution. Non-circulating types such as Essais, Pieforts,
Patterns, Trial Strikes, Mint and Proof sets will follow the main listings.
Within a coinage type coins will be listed by denomination, from
smallest to largest. Numbered types within a denomination will be
ordered by their first date of issue.
Indonesia, and the Indian subcontinent coinages which surely are more
confusing in their vast array of Nagari, Sanskrit, Ahom, Assamese and
other local dialects found on the local issues of the Indian Princely
States. Although the task of identification on the more modern issues of
these lands is often eased by the added presence of Western alphabet
legends, a feature sometimes adopted as early as the late 19th Cen-
tury, for the earlier pieces it is often necessary for the uninitiated to
laboriously seek and find.
Except for the cruder issues, however, it will be found that certain
characteristics and symbols featured in addition to the predominant leg-
ends are typical on coins from a given country or group of countries.
The toughra monogram, for instance, occurs on some of the coins of
Afghanistan, Egypt, the Sudan, Pakistan, Turkey and other areas of the
late Ottoman Empire. A predominant design feature on the coins of
Nepal is the trident; while neighboring Tibet features a lotus blossom or
lion on many of their issues.
To assist in identification of the more difficult coins, we have assem-
bled the Instant Identifier and Monogram sections presented on the fol-
lowing pages. They are designed to provide a point of beginning for
collectors by allowing them to compare unidentified coins with photo-
graphic details from typical issues.
We also suggest reference to the Index of Coin Denominations pre-
sented here and also the comprehensive Country Index, where the
inscription will be found listed just as it appears on the coin for nations
using the Western alphabet.
DATING
Coin dating is the final basic attribution consideration. Here, the
problem can be more difficult because the reading of a coin date is sub-
ject not only to the vagaries of numeric styling, but to calendar varia-
tions caused by the observance of various religious eras or regal
periods from country to country, or even within a country. Here again,
with the exception of the sphere from North Africa through the Orient, it
will be found that most countries rely on Western date numerals and
Christian (AD) era reckoning, although in a few instances, coin dating
has been tied to the year of a reign or government. The Vatican, for
example dates its coinage according to the year of reign of the current
pope, in addition to the Christian-era date.
Countries in the Arabic sphere generally date their coins to the Muslim
era (AH), which commenced on July 16, 622 AD (Julian calendar), when
the prophet Mohammed fled from Mecca to Medina. As their calendar is
reckoned by the lunar year of 354 days, which is about three percent (pre-
cisely 2.98%) shorter than the Christian year, a formula is required to con-
vert AH dating to its Western equivalent. To convert an AH date to the
approximate AD date, subtract three percent of the AH date (round to the
closest whole number) from the AH date and add 622. A chart converting
all AH years from 1010 (July 2, 1601) to 1450 (May 25, 2028) may be
found elsewhere in the catalog under the name Hejira Date Chart.
The Muslim calendar is not always based on the lunar year (AH),
however, causing some confusion, particularly in Afghanistan and Iran,
where a calendar based on the solar year (SH) was introduced around
1920. These dates can be converted to AD by simply adding 621. In
1976 the government of Iran implemented a new solar calendar based
on the foundation of the Iranian monarchy in 559 BC. The first year
observed on the new calendar was 2535 (MS), which commenced
March 20, 1976. A reversion to the traditional SH dating standard
occurred a few years later.
Several different eras of reckoning, including Christian and Muslim
(AH), have been used to date coins of the Indian subcontinent. The two
basic systems are the Vikrama Samvat (VS), which dates from Oct. 18, 58
BC, and the Saka era, the origin of which is reckoned from March 3, 78
AD. Dating according to both eras appears on various coins of the area.
Coins of Thailand (Siam) are found dated by three different eras.
The most predominant is the Buddhist era (BE), which originated in 543
BC. Next is the Bangkok or Ratanakosindsok (RS) era, dating from
1781 AD; followed by the Chula-Sakarat (CS) era, dating from 638 AD.
The latter era originated in Burma and is used on that country's coins.
Other calendars include that of the Ethiopian era (EE), which com-
menced seven years, eight months after AD dating; and that of the Jew-
ish people, which commenced on Oct. 7, 3761 BC. Korea claims a
legendary dating from 2333 BC, which is acknowledged in some of its
coin dating. Some coin issues of the Indonesian area carry dates deter-
mined by the Javanese Aji Saka era (AS), a calendar of 354 days (100
IDENTIFICATION
The most important step in the identification of a coin is the determi-
nation of the nation of origin. This is generally easily accomplished
where English-speaking lands are concerned, however, use of the
country index is sometimes required. The coins of Great Britain provide
an interesting challenge. For hundreds of years the only indication of
the country of origin was in the abbreviated Latin legends. In recent
times there have been occasions when there has been no indication of
origin. Only through the familiarity of the monarchical portraits, symbols
and legends or indication of currency system are they identifiable.
The coins of many countries beyond the English-language realm, such
as those of French, Italian or Spanish heritage, are also quite easy to
identify through reference to their legends, which appear in the national
languages based on Western alphabets. In many instances the name is
spelled exactly the same in English as in the national language, such as
France; while in other cases it varies only slightly, like Italia for Italy, Bel-
gique or Belgie for Belgium, Brasil for Brazil and Danmark for Denmark.
This is not always the case, however, as in Norge for Norway,
Espana for Spain, Sverige for Sweden and Helvetia for Switzerland.
Some other examples include:
DEUTSCHES REICH - Germany 1873-1945
BUNDESREPUBLIC DEUTSCHLAND - Federal Republic of Germany.
DEUTSCHE DEMOKRATISCHE REPUBLIK -
German Democratic Republic.
EMPIRE CHERIFIEN MAROC - Morocco.
ESTADOS UNIDOS MEXICANOS - United Mexican States (Mexico).
ETAT DU GRAND LIBAN - State of Great Lebanon (Lebanon).
Thus it can be seen there are instances in which a little schooling in
the rudiments of foreign languages can be most helpful. In general,
colonial possessions of countries using the Western alphabet are simi-
larly identifiable as they often carry portraits of their current rulers, the
familiar lettering, sometimes in combination with a companion designa-
tion in the local language.
Collectors have the greatest difficulty with coins that do not bear leg-
ends or dates in the Western systems. These include coins bearing
Cyrillic lettering attributable to Bulgaria, Russia, the Slavic states and
Mongolia; the Greek script peculiar to Greece, Crete and the Ionian
Islands; the Amharic characters of Ethiopia; or Hebrew in the case of
Israel. Dragons and sunbursts along with the distinctive word charac-
ters attribute a coin to the Oriental countries of China, Japan, Korea,
Tibet, Viet Nam and their component parts.
The most difficult coins to identify are those bearing only Persian or
Arabic script and its derivatives, found on the issues of nations stretch-
ing in a wide swath across North Africa and East Asia, from Morocco to
HOW TO USE THIS CATALOG
5
Javanese years equal 97 Christian or Gregorian calendar years), which
can be matched to AD dating by comparing it to AH dating.
The following table indicates the year dating for the various eras, which
correspond to 2009 in Christian calendar reckoning, but it must be remem-
bered that there are overlaps between the eras in some instances.
Christian era (AD) -2010
Muslim era (AH) -AH1431
Solar year (SH) -SH1388
Monarchic Solar era (MS) -MS2569
Vikrama Samvat (VS) -VS2067
Saka era (SE) -SE1932
Buddhist era (BE) -BE2553
Bangkok era (RS) -RS229
Chula-Sakarat era (CS) -CS1372
Ethiopian era (EE) -EE2003
Korean era -4343
Javanese Aji Saka era (AS) -AS1943
Fasli era (FE) -FE1420
Jewish era (JE) -JE5770
Roman -MMX
Coins of Asian origin - principally Japan, Korea, China, Turkestan
and Tibet and some modern gold issues of Turkey - are generally dated
to the year of the government, dynasty, reign or cyclic eras, with the
dates indicated in Asian characters which usually read from right to left.
In recent years, however, some dating has been according to the Chris-
tian calendar and in Western numerals. In Japan, Asian character dat-
ing was reversed to read from left to right in Showa year 23 (1948 AD).
More detailed guides to less prevalent coin dating systems, which
are strictly local in nature, are presented with the appropriate listings.
Some coins carry dates according to both locally observed and
Christian eras. This is particularly true in the Arabic world, where the
Hejira date may be indicated in Arabic numerals and the Christian date
in Western numerals, or both dates in either form.
The date actually carried on a given coin is generally cataloged here in
the first column (Date) to the right of the catalog number. If this date is by a
non-Christian dating system, such as 'AH' (Muslim), the Christian equiva-
lent date will appear in parentheses(), for example AH1336(1917). Dates
listed alone in the date column which do not actually appear on a given
coin, or dates which are known, but do not appear on the coin, are gener-
ally enclosed by parentheses with 'ND' at the left, for example ND(1926).
Timing differentials between some era of reckoning, particularly the
354-day Mohammedan and 365-day Christian years, cause situations
whereby coins which carry dates for both eras exist bearing two year
dates from one calendar combined with a single date from another.
Countermarked Coinage is presented with both ‘Countermark Date’
and ‘Host Coin’ date for each type. Actual date representation follows
the rules outlined above.
NUMBERING SYSTEM
Some catalog numbers assigned in this volume are based on estab-
lished references. This practice has been observed for two reasons: First,
when world coins are listed chronologically they are basically self-catalog-
ing; second, there was no need to confuse collectors with totally new
numeric designations where appropriate systems already existed. As time
progressed we found many of these established systems incomplete and
inadequate and have now replaced many with new KM numbers. When
numbers change appropriate cross-referencing has been provided.
Some of the coins listed in this catalog are identified or cross-refer-
enced by numbers assigned by R.S. Yeoman (Y#), or slight adaptations
thereof, in his Modern World Coins, and Current Coins of the World. For
the pre-Yeoman dated issues, the numbers assigned by William D.
Craig (C#) in his Coins of the World (1750-1850 period), 3rd edition,
have generally been applied.
In some countries, listings are cross-referenced to Robert Fried-
berg's (FR#) Gold Coins of the World or Coins of the British World.
Major Fred Pridmore's (P#) studies of British colonial coinage are also
referenced, as are W.H. Valentine's (V#) references on the Modern
Copper Coins of the Mohammedan States. Coins issued under the Chi-
nese sphere of influence are assigned numbers from E. Kann's (K#)
Illustrated Catalog of Chinese Coins and T.K. Hsu's (Su) work of similar
title. In most cases, these cross-reference numbers are presented in
the descriptive text for each type.
DENOMINATIONS
The second basic consideration to be met in the attribution of a coin
is the determination of denomination. Since denominations are usually
expressed in numeric rather than word form on a coin, this is usually
quite easily accomplished on coins from nations which use Western
numerals, except in those instances where issues are devoid of any
mention of face value, and denomination must be attributed by size,
metallic composition or weight. Coins listed in this volume are generally
illustrated in actual size. Where size is critical to proper attribution, the
coin's millimeter size is indicated.
The sphere of countries stretching from North Africa through the Ori-
ent, on which numeric symbols generally unfamiliar to Westerners are
employed, often provide the collector with a much greater challenge.
This is particularly true on nearly all pre-20th Century issues. On some
of the more modern issues and increasingly so as the years progress,
Western-style numerals usually presented in combination with the local
numeric system are becoming more commonplace on these coins.
Determination of a coin's currency system can also be valuable in attrib-
uting the issue to its country of origin. A comprehensive alphabetical index
of currency names, applicable to the countries as cataloged in this volume,
with all individual nations of use for each, is presented in this section.
The included table of Standard International Numeral Systems pre-
sents charts of the basic numeric designations found on coins of non-
Western origin. Although denomination numerals are generally promi-
nently displayed on coins, it must be remembered that these are gen-
eral representations of characters, which individual coin engravers may
have rendered in widely varying styles. Where numeric or script denom-
inations designation forms peculiar to a given coin or country apply,
such as the script used on some Persian (Iranian) issues. They are so
indicated or illustrated in conjunction with the appropriate listings.
MINTAGES
Quantities minted of each date are indicated where that information is
available, generally stated in millions or rounded off to the nearest 10,000
pieces when more exact figures are not available. On quantities of a few
thousand or less, actual mintages are generally indicated. For combined
mintage figures the abbreviation “Inc. Above” means Included Above,
while “Inc. Below” means Included Below. “Est.” beside a mintage figure
indicates the number given is an estimate or mintage limit.
MINT AND PRIVY MARKS
The presence of distinctive, but frequently inconspicuously placed,
mintmarks indicates the mint of issue for many of the coins listed in this cat-
alog. An appropriate designation in the date listings notes the presence, if
any, of a mint mark on a particular coin type by incorporating the letter or
letters of the mint mark adjoining the date, i.e., 1950D or 1927R.
The presence of mint and/or mintmaster's privy marks on a coin in
non-letter form is indicated by incorporating the mint letter in lower case
within parentheses adjoining the date; i.e. 1927(a). The corresponding
mark is illustrated or identified in the introduction of the country.
In countries such as France and Mexico, where many mints may be
producing like coinage in the same denomination during the same time
period, divisions by mint have been employed. In these cases the mint
mark may appear next to the individual date listings and/or the mint name
or mint mark may be listed in the Note field of the type description.
Where listings incorporate mintmaster initials, they are always presented
in capital letters separated from the date by one character space; i.e., 1850
MF. The different mintmark and mintmaster letters found on the coins of any
country, state or city of issue are always shown at the beginning of listings.
METALS
Each numbered type listing will contain a description of the coins
metallic content. The traditional coinage metals and their symbolic
chemical abbreviations sometimes used in this catalog are:
Platinum - (PT) Copper - (Cu)
Gold - (Au) Brass -
Silver - (Ag) Copper-nickel- (CN)
Billion - Lead - (Pb)
Nickel - (Ni) Steel -
Zinc - (Zn) Tin - (Sn)
Bronze - (Ae) Aluminum - (Al)
During the 18th and 19th centuries, most of the world's coins were
struck of copper or bronze, silver and gold. Commencing in the early years
of the 20th century, however, numerous new coinage metals, primarily
non-precious metal alloys, were introduced. Gold has not been widely
used for circulation coinages since World War I, although silver remained a
popular coinage metal in most parts of the world until after World War II.
With the disappearance of silver for circulation coinage, numerous addi-
tional compositions were introduced to coinage applications.
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