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Steam Generators
Donatello Annaratone
Steam Generators
Description and Design
123
Prof. Donatello Annaratone
Via Ceradini 14
20129 Milano
Italy
donatello@annaratone.eu
ISBN: 978-3-540-77714-4
e-ISBN: 978-3-540-77715-1
Library of Congress Control Number: 2008924058
2008 Springer-Verlag Berlin Heidelberg
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Preface
The content of this book originates from 35 years of teaching “steam generators”
to graduate students at the Politecnico of Milan, Milan, Italy, and from 45 years of
professional activity in this area – first in industry and then as founder of a design
and consulting company.
Before discussing the content of the textbook, I would like to present the rationale
for the title. Boilers are machines consisting of steam-generating tubes only, that
is, of internal and external tubes where water is transformed into saturated steam.
Steam generators – or, simply, generators – indicate machines equipped with one
or more of the following components: superheaters, reheaters, economizers, and air
heaters – besides the steam-generating tubes that make up the boiler. Finally, those
machines with tubes, where instead of water, a diathermic fluid flows inside, are
also called boilers, for their construction is similar to that of the latter.
The above notwithstanding, the term “boiler” is used even when hot water or
superheated water is produced instead of steam.
Large systems designed to produce electricity have all components indicated
above in addition to the boiler. In medium size systems, some of these components
are always present, whereas in small ones a regenerator is frequently and appropri-
ately included. It is therefore justified to use “steam generators” as title, because it
best matches the actual makeup of these systems.
The textbook is divided into three sections. In the first section, the different types
of generators are described from a structural and functional point of view by exam-
ining them globally and then considering their various components. The different
fuels being used are discussed as well. The second section is dedicated to design
issues and focuses on combustion, heat transfer, generator efficiency, and fluid dy-
namics. Finally, the third section discusses more advanced topics and includes an
Appendix.
The author particularly focuses on three fundamental design issues, that is, the
physical characteristics of air and flue gas, the heat transfer in its entirety, and
the computation of natural circulation. The author introduces original computation
methods for these topics; this simplifies calculations and is especially useful for the
development of programs, such as the ones written by the author.
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