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PHP Manual
Stig Sæther Bakken
Alexander Aulbach
Egon Schmid
Jim Winstead
Lars Torben Wilson
Rasmus Lerdorf
Zeev Suraski
Edited by
Stig Sæther Bakken
Egon Schmid
PHP Manual
by Stig Sæther Bakken, Alexander Aulbach, Egon Schmid, Jim Winstead, Lars Torben Wilson, Rasmus Lerdorf, and
Zeev Suraski
by
Edited by Stig Sæther Bakken
Edited by Egon Schmid
Published Tue May 23 18:07:18 CEST 2000
Copyright © 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 by the PHP Documentation Group
Copyright
This manual is © Copyright 1997, 1998, 1999, 2000 by the PHP Documentation Group. The members of this group are
listed on the front page of this manual.
This manual can be redistributed under the terms of the GNU General Public License as published by the Free Software
Foundation; either version 2 of the License, or (at your option) any later version.
Table of Contents
Preface ............................................................................................................................................................39
About this Manual..................................................................................................................................39
I. Getting Started ...........................................................................................................................................40
1. Introduction ........................................................................................................................................41
What is PHP?................................................................................................................................41
What can PHP do?........................................................................................................................41
A brief history of PHP ..................................................................................................................42
2. Installation..........................................................................................................................................44
Downloading the latest version ....................................................................................................44
Installation on UNIX systems ......................................................................................................44
Quick Installation Instructions (Apache Module Version) .................................................44
Configuration ......................................................................................................................45
Apache module ...................................................................................................................45
fhttpd module ......................................................................................................................45
CGI version .........................................................................................................................45
Database Support Options...................................................................................................45
Adabas D ...................................................................................................................45
dBase .........................................................................................................................46
filePro ........................................................................................................................46
mSQL ........................................................................................................................46
MySQL......................................................................................................................46
iODBC.......................................................................................................................46
OpenLink ODBC.......................................................................................................47
Oracle ........................................................................................................................47
PostgreSQL ...............................................................................................................47
Solid ..........................................................................................................................47
Sybase........................................................................................................................47
Sybase-CT .................................................................................................................48
Velocis .......................................................................................................................48
A custom ODBC library............................................................................................48
Unified ODBC...........................................................................................................48
LDAP.........................................................................................................................49
Other configure options.......................................................................................................49
–with-mcrypt
=DIR
....................................................................................................49
–enable-sysvsem........................................................................................................49
–enable-sysvshm .......................................................................................................49
–with-xml ..................................................................................................................49
–enable-maintainer-mode ..........................................................................................50
–with-system-regex ...................................................................................................50
–with-config-file-path................................................................................................50
–with-exec-dir ...........................................................................................................50
–enable-debug ...........................................................................................................50
–enable-safe-mode ....................................................................................................50
–enable-track-vars .....................................................................................................51
–enable-magic-quotes................................................................................................51
–enable-debugger ......................................................................................................51
–enable-discard-path .................................................................................................51
–enable-bcmath .........................................................................................................51
–enable-force-cgi-redirect .........................................................................................51
–disable-short-tags ....................................................................................................52
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–enable-url-includes ..................................................................................................52
–disable-syntax-hl .....................................................................................................52
CPPFLAGS and LDFLAGS......................................................................................52
Building ..............................................................................................................................52
Testing.................................................................................................................................52
Benchmarking .....................................................................................................................53
Installation on Windows 95/98/NT systems.................................................................................53
General Installation Steps ...................................................................................................53
Windows 95/98/NT and PWS/IIS 3 ....................................................................................54
Windows NT and IIS 4 .......................................................................................................55
Windows 9x/NT and Apache 1.3.x .....................................................................................55
Omni HTTPd 2.0b1 for Windows.......................................................................................55
PHP Modules ......................................................................................................................55
Problems? .....................................................................................................................................56
Read the FAQ ......................................................................................................................56
Bug reports..........................................................................................................................56
Other problems....................................................................................................................56
3. Configuration .....................................................................................................................................58
The configuration file ...................................................................................................................58
General Configuration Directives .......................................................................................58
Mail Configuration Directives ............................................................................................62
Safe Mode Configuration Directives...................................................................................62
Debugger Configuration Directives ....................................................................................62
Extension Loading Directives .............................................................................................63
MySQL Configuration Directives .......................................................................................63
mSQL Configuration Directives .........................................................................................64
Postgres Configuration Directives ......................................................................................64
Sybase Configuration Directives.........................................................................................64
Sybase-CT Configuration Directives ..................................................................................64
Informix Configuration Directives......................................................................................65
BC Math Configuration Directives .....................................................................................66
Browser Capability Configuration Directives .....................................................................66
Unified ODBC Configuration Directives ............................................................................66
4. Security ..............................................................................................................................................68
CGI binary ....................................................................................................................................68
Possible attacks ...................................................................................................................68
Case 1: only public files served ..........................................................................................68
Case 2: using –enable-force-cgi-redirect ............................................................................69
Case 3: setting doc_root or user_dir ...................................................................................69
Case 4: PHP parser outside of web tree ..............................................................................70
Apache module .............................................................................................................................70
II. Language Reference .................................................................................................................................71
5. Basic syntax .......................................................................................................................................72
Escaping from HTML ..................................................................................................................72
Instruction separation ...................................................................................................................72
Comments.....................................................................................................................................72
6. Types ..................................................................................................................................................74
Integers .........................................................................................................................................74
Floating point numbers.................................................................................................................74
Strings...........................................................................................................................................74
String conversion ................................................................................................................76
Arrays ...........................................................................................................................................76
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Single Dimension Arrays ....................................................................................................77
Multi-Dimensional Arrays ..................................................................................................77
Objects ..........................................................................................................................................79
Object Initialization ............................................................................................................79
Type Juggling ...............................................................................................................................79
Type Casting .......................................................................................................................80
7. Variables.............................................................................................................................................82
Basics............................................................................................................................................82
Predefined variables......................................................................................................................83
Apache variables .................................................................................................................83
Environment variables ........................................................................................................85
PHP variables......................................................................................................................85
Variable scope...............................................................................................................................86
Variable variables .........................................................................................................................88
Variables from outside PHP..........................................................................................................88
HTML Forms (GET and POST) .........................................................................................89
IMAGE SUBMIT variable names .............................................................................89
HTTP Cookies ....................................................................................................................89
Environment variables ........................................................................................................90
Dots in incoming variable names........................................................................................90
Determining variable types .................................................................................................90
8. Constants ............................................................................................................................................92
9. Expressions ........................................................................................................................................94
10. Operators ..........................................................................................................................................97
Arithmetic Operators ....................................................................................................................97
Assignment Operators ..................................................................................................................97
Bitwise Operators .........................................................................................................................97
Comparison Operators..................................................................................................................98
Error control Operators.................................................................................................................98
Execution Operators .....................................................................................................................99
Incrementing/Decrementing Operators ........................................................................................99
Logical Operators .......................................................................................................................100
Operator Precedence...................................................................................................................100
String Operators..........................................................................................................................101
11. Control Structures ..........................................................................................................................102
if
................................................................................................................................................102
else
...........................................................................................................................................102
elseif
.......................................................................................................................................103
Alternative syntax for control structures ....................................................................................103
while
.........................................................................................................................................104
do..while
.................................................................................................................................104
for
..............................................................................................................................................105
foreach
.....................................................................................................................................106
break
.........................................................................................................................................108
continue
...................................................................................................................................108
switch
.......................................................................................................................................109
require()
.....................................................................................................................................111
include()
.....................................................................................................................................112
12. Functions ........................................................................................................................................115
User-defined functions................................................................................................................115
Function arguments ....................................................................................................................115
Making arguments be passed by reference .......................................................................115
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